The crank is one of the most complex components in terms of aerodynamics. The leading edge of its shape becomes the trailing edge 180 degrees later, and there are significant factors at play, including the major influence of forward speed and the minor influence of rotational speed. Additionally, your feet are spinning by, the frame is right there, the chain runs over the chainring and can’t be easily optimized aerodynamically, and so on.
Our best aerodynamic shape resembled a knife, measuring just 12mm wide at the pedal—significantly thinner than anything else available (most cranks are 15-17mm wide at the pedal end). In the other direction, our desired profile was much deeper than usual.
The transition to the spider is another challenging area. For structural and stiffness reasons, we wanted the spider to be integrated with the crank arm, with fibers running through both. At the same time, we needed the chainring to be spatially separated from the drive-side crank arm (rather than forming a blended shape) to avoid aerodynamic blockage. The Torno spider achieves exactly that and works in unison with the dedicated Torno aero rings.